Key Takeaways & Executive Findings
- ā¢ā¢ Tissue/organ perfusion serves as a critical bridge between cell-based assays and whole-animal studies, enabling precise control of experimental conditions. ā¢ Optimal perfusion parameters (e.g., perfusate composition, flow rate) must be tailored to the specific organ's physiology and anatomy. ā¢ Perfusion technology has broad applications, including drug screening, pharmacokinetics, pathology, cancer therapy, and organ transplantation. ā¢ Recent innovations, such as machine perfusion and integration with organ-on-a-chip, are advancing the field towards more physiological and personalized approaches.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: As critical physiological and functional units, tissue/organ have been utilized in experimental perfusion research for over two centuries. Today, perfusion technology is widely applied in various fields, including the screening of bioactive components in traditional Chinese medicine, pharmacodynamics and mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, pathological mechanisms, local cancer therapy, tissue/organ transplantation, tissue/organ fixation, cell preparation, and metabolite production. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the experimental methods, influencing factors, and recent advances in tissue/organ perfusion technology, providing a reference for its practical application. METHODS: Relevant articles published from inception to September 2025 were retrieved and analyzed from the CNKI and PubMed databases using Chinese search terms ācardiac perfusion, cerebral perfusion, liver perfusion, kidney perfusion, intestinal perfusion, lung perfusion, neural perfusion, limb perfusionā and English search terms āheart perfusion/cardiac perfusion, brain perfusion, liver perfusion, kidney perfusion, intestinal perfusion, lung perfusion, neural perfusion/nerves perfusion, limb perfusion, forelimb perfusion, hindlimb perfusion, rat, rabbitā. After excluding clinical trials, duplicate publications, and irrelevant articles, 86 articles were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Tissue/organ perfusion technology serves as an intermediate bridge between cell experiments and whole-animal experiments, providing a research platform that allows precise control of experimental conditions and avoids interference from complex in vivo factors, thus playing an important role in basic and applied life science research. (2) Although perfusion procedures share commonalities across different tissues/organs, successful application highly depends on parameter optimization (e.g., perfusate composition, flow rate) tailored to the specific physiological functions and anatomical structures of the target organ, characterized by the same basic principles but different specific applications. (3) Perfusion technology has broad application fields, covering multiple levels from new drug development to pathological mechanism exploration, and its application is highly targeted; for example, intestinal perfusion for drug absorption, liver perfusion for metabolism studies, and kidney perfusion for excretion mechanisms, fully leveraging the unique physiological functions of different target organs. (4) Perfusion technology itself is continuously innovating, from the classic Langendorff model to the more physiological āworking heartā model. Currently, it is being combined with cutting-edge technologies such as transgenic animal models, organ-on-a-chip, and organoids, moving towards a more precise and humane direction.
1. Introduction
The fundamental principles of tissue/organ perfusion can be traced back to 1813 when Cesar Julien Jean Le Gallois proposed that by regularly and continuously perfusing blood (whether natural or artificial) into the heart, any living part could be maintained indefinitely [1]. By the 1960s, organ perfusion as a primary organ preservation technique mainly used blood or plasma to maintain the viability of isolated organs. With the replacement of blood or plasma perfusates by physiological saline, the field of tissue/organ perfusion has significantly advanced, particularly in clinical organ transplantation for treating patients with end-stage diseases. Moreover, substantial progress has been made in methodology, drug synthesis, mechanisms of action, and screening of bioactive components.
Today, tissue/organ perfusion technology is widely applied in pathological mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and mechanisms, screening of bioactive components in traditional Chinese medicine, tissue/organ fixation, cell preparation, local cancer therapy, and metabolite production. However, there is a lack of systematic reviews on the progress of tissue/organ perfusion. This article provides a comprehensive review of experimental tissue/organ perfusion by retrieving and analyzing relevant articles from the CNKI and PubMed databases, mainly covering experimental types, influencing factors, and applications.
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Yuan Yue, Chang Guoxin, Lin Dingmei, Mo Zixuan, Yu Jingjing, Zhu Yixia, Zheng Zhaoguang, Wang Yan (2026). Applications and advances of tissue/organ perfusion. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research. https://doi.org/10.12307/2026.21588
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Frequently Asked Questions
What is tissue/organ perfusion?
Tissue/organ perfusion is a technique that involves cannulating the vasculature of an isolated tissue or organ and continuously delivering a perfusion fluid to maintain its viability and function outside the body. It is used in various research and clinical applications, including drug screening, pharmacokinetics, and organ preservation.
What are the main applications of tissue/organ perfusion?
Tissue/organ perfusion is applied in screening bioactive components of traditional Chinese medicine, studying pharmacodynamics and mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, pathological mechanisms, local cancer therapy, organ transplantation, tissue/organ fixation, cell preparation, and metabolite production.
What are the key factors influencing successful tissue/organ perfusion?
Key factors include the composition of the perfusion fluid (e.g., oxygen, nutrients, pH), flow rate, pressure, temperature, and the specific physiological and anatomical characteristics of the target organ. Optimization of these parameters is crucial for maintaining organ viability and function.
How has tissue/organ perfusion technology evolved?
The technology has evolved from simple setups like the Langendorff heart model to more sophisticated systems such as the working heart model and machine perfusion for organ preservation. It is now being integrated with advanced technologies like organ-on-a-chip and transgenic animal models to enhance precision and physiological relevance.
What are the future directions of tissue/organ perfusion?
Future directions include extending perfusion duration to maintain organ viability longer, standardizing perfusion parameters for different organs and experimental needs, and applying perfusion technology in personalized medicine and transplantation.
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