Transcriptional landscape of the interaction of human Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Glioblastoma in bioprinted co-cultures

• Bioprinted 3D co-cultures of MSC and GBM recapitulate key tumor microenvironment interactions, providing a more physiologically relevant model than 2D cultures. • Standard GBM therapy (Temozolomide ± radiation) induces overexpression of mitochondrial OXPHOS genes, which are further modulated by MSC co-culture. • TREM-1 is identified as an epigenetically regulated marker of MSC/GBM interaction associated with improved overall survival in GBM patients. • The long non-coding RNA miR3681HG is implicated in post-transcriptional regulation and correlates with reduced overall survival, offering potential prognostic and therapeutic targets.