• ILC2s are tissue-resident innate lymphocytes that play dual roles in lung homeostasis and pathology, responding to alarmins (IL-25, IL-33, TSLP) and secreting type 2 cytokines.
• The function of ILC2s is highly context-dependent, with both protective and detrimental effects across various lung diseases including asthma, COPD, fibrosis, infections, and cancer.
• Targeting ILC2 plasticity or alarmin-ILC2 signaling axes represents promising therapeutic strategies for inflammatory lung diseases.
• Understanding ILC2 phenotypic markers and their interactions with other immune cells can lead to novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.