• Mitochondrial dynamics (fusion, fission, autophagy) are crucial for maintaining mitochondrial health and cellular balance, and play a significant role in bone defect healing.
• Bone defect repair is a complex process regulated by multiple cells and signaling pathways, with mitochondrial dynamics influencing bone cell function and metabolism.
• Future research should focus on molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamics and develop novel nano-targeted particles and mitochondrial clinical drugs for bone defect repair.
• This review summarizes current knowledge and highlights the potential of targeting mitochondrial dynamics as a therapeutic strategy for bone defects.