Key Takeaways & Executive Findings
- •• ADSCs are simple to isolate and access, and they have few ethical issues for their application. • ADSCs can differentiate into various cell types, supporting their use in regenerative medicine. • ADSCs hold great promise for treating gastrointestinal diseases through modulation of immune response, anti-inflammation and tissue repair. • ADSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) mimic parental cells’ bioactivity and mitigate safety issues of live stem cell delivery, crucial for their application.
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are a specific type of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) obtained easily from adipose tissue (AT). Compared with MSCs, ADSCs are easier to obtain, have fewer ethical issues, and have a higher proliferative capacity, which makes them a promising type of stem cell in regenerative medicine. ADSCs possess impressive capabilities in cell regeneration as well as differentiation, making them promising candidates for injury repair, tissue regeneration and alleviation of inflamed tissues. At present, most clinical studies on ADSCs focus on the treatment of wounds, multiple sclerosis, soft tissue trauma, aging, diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, bone and cartilage regeneration, stroke, and spinal cord injury, while its clinical applications in the gastrointestinal tract are relatively few. Therefore, this review summarizes the findings of preclinical experiments, clinical trials, and areas that may require further development of ADSCs in the treatment of digestive disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colorectal cancer (CRC), colorectal fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic fibrosis, gastric cancer (GC), gastrostomy closure and radiation-induced proctitis. The review is concluded by discussing the goals for improvement and future directions for ADSCs before large-scale clinical application.
1. Introduction
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pluripotent stem cells with the ability to self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell types, which play a key role in tissue healing and regenerative medicine. MSCs are adult stem cells residing in diverse tissues, including bone marrow, muscle, skin, adipose tissue (AT), and umbilical cord. They are termed according to their tissue sources: bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs), and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). Although early MSC research predominantly focused on BMSCs, ADSCs have recently gained prominence in clinical applications due to their favorable ethical profile. The terminology for ADSCs has varied in different studies, including adipose mesenchymal stem cells, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, ADSCs. In the following context, we will consistently use the term ADSCs as recommended by the International Federation of Adipose Therapeutics (IFATS).
Studies have demonstrated that ADSCs possess adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic, myogenic, and cardiogenic differentiation potential. Moreover, ADSCs also exhibit low immunogenicity and have the capacity for self-renewal. They can migrate to damaged areas and function through autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways, which are key mechanisms in cell repair and regeneration. These cells have raised significant interest in therapeutic applications particularly in treating a wide range of conditions, including autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, hematologic disorders, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), bone/cartilage repair, as well as cardiovascular and muscle diseases [1].
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Jiatong Zhao, Shuzi Xin, Xiaohui Liu, Weikai Shi, Boya Wang, Hongli Wang, Yi Wang, Rongxuan Hua, Yize Li, Lei Gao, Xin Lu, Jingdong Xu (2026). Multi-function of adipose-derived stem cells on gut disorder: from bench to bedside. Stem Cell Research & Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-025-04549-2
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Frequently Asked Questions
What are adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs)?
ADSCs are a type of mesenchymal stem cells obtained from adipose tissue, known for their ease of isolation, fewer ethical concerns, and high proliferative capacity, making them promising for regenerative medicine.
How do ADSCs contribute to treating gastrointestinal diseases?
ADSCs modulate immune responses, reduce inflammation, and promote tissue repair, showing potential in treating conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and liver fibrosis.
What are the advantages of ADSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs)?
ADSC-derived EVs mimic the bioactivity of parental cells while mitigating safety issues associated with live stem cell delivery, making them a crucial alternative for therapeutic applications.
What is the scope of this review?
This review summarizes preclinical and clinical findings on ADSCs for digestive disorders, including IBD, colorectal cancer, hepatic fibrosis, and gastric cancer, and discusses future directions for large-scale clinical application.
What are the key mechanisms of ADSCs in tissue repair?
ADSCs exhibit multipotency, low immunogenicity, and self-renewal, and they function through autocrine and paracrine signaling to migrate to damaged areas and promote regeneration.
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