• MSCs transplantation alleviates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury and enhances liver graft viability, addressing critical challenges in liver transplantation.
• MSCs exhibit potent immunomodulatory effects on both adaptive and innate immune responses, interacting with T cells, B cells, NK cells, dendritic cells, Kupffer cells, and neutrophils.
• Clinical progress indicates MSCs therapy can prevent acute graft-versus-host disease and promote liver regeneration in split LT, offering alternative strategies to donor shortage and immune rejection.
• The review provides new insights into MSC-based adoptive cell therapy, highlighting their potential to improve LT outcomes and patient prognosis.