Official PDF Translation•Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Inhalation of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Activates Macrophage Polarization through the miR-22-3p/NLRP3/IL-1β Pathway, Ameliorating Lung Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Authors: Tao Wang; Guodong Wu; Peigen Gao; Fenghui Zhuang; Zeyu Wang; Ziheng Zhou; Chongwu Li; Junqi Wu; Deping Zhao

DOI: 10.1186/s13287-026-04921-wStatus: Verified Translated Edition

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Key Findings in This Report

• Inhaled MSC-EVs significantly ameliorate lung ischemia-reperfusion injury, showing superior efficacy compared to intravenous delivery. • MSC-EVs promote macrophage polarization from pro-inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. • miR-22-3p within MSC-EVs directly targets NLRP3, suppressing the NLRP3/Caspase-1/IL-1β pathway. • Therapeutic efficacy of MSC-EVs is confirmed in a clinically relevant rat orthotopic lung transplantation model.