Ginsenoside Rh2 alleviates osteoporosis by attenuating oxidative stress-induced osteoblast dysfunction via the FoxO1/β-catenin pathway

• Ginsenoside Rh2 attenuates oxidative stress-induced osteoblast dysfunction by reducing ROS levels, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, and improving mitochondrial function. • Rh2 promotes osteogenic differentiation and mineralization through the nuclear translocation and functional interaction of FoxO1 and β-catenin. • In an LPS-induced bone loss mouse model, Rh2 administration improves trabecular microstructure, increases osteoblast numbers, and upregulates bone formation serum metabolites. • The study highlights the FoxO1/β-catenin pathway as a promising therapeutic target for osteoporosis, with Rh2 as a potential clinical or adjuvant therapy.