Key Takeaways & Executive Findings
- •• Exercise modulates thyroid hormone levels, deiodinase expression, and receptor sensitivity, exerting dynamic multi-organ regulation. • Exercise interventions can reverse pathological phenotypes in liver, bone, muscle, heart, and brain associated with thyroid dysfunction. • The review synthesizes evidence from 81 studies, highlighting both molecular mechanisms and organ-specific effects. • Current evidence is largely from rodent models and aerobic exercise; clinical validation in humans is needed.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Thyroid hormones play a critical role in regulating growth, development, energy metabolism, and maintaining homeostasis in mammals. Exercise interventions can modulate thyroid hormones levels through various mechanisms. However, the regulatory effects of exercise on multiple organs via thyroid hormones have not yet been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE: To summarize thyroid hormones synthesis, metabolism, and its regulation through exercise, and explore its dynamic regulatory functions in the liver, bone, muscle, heart, and brain. METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted in databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WanFang database, VIP, Web of Science, and PubMed for relevant articles published from database inception until February 2025. The search terms were “thyroid hormones, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, thyroid, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, exercise, training, physical activity, liver, hepatic, muscle, bone, osteoporosis, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, heart, myocardium, cardiomyopathy, cardiac, myocardial infarction, brain, cognition, nervous” in Chinese and English. A total of 81 studies were included in this review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Exercise can regulate thyroid hormones levels, reshape tissue-specific expression of deiodinases, or alter target organ thyroid hormone receptor sensitivity, forming dynamic regulation of multiple organs. Exercise interventions have the potential to reverse multi-organ pathological phenotypes caused by thyroid dysfunction, such as metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, bone homeostasis imbalance, muscle function decline, cardiac function decline, and cognitive dysfunction. Although existing evidence reveals the regulatory effects of exercise on thyroid hormones, its molecular mechanisms and regulatory effects on multiple organs still need further analysis. In addition, current related studies are mostly based on rodents and mostly aerobic exercise; the extent to which they apply to human metabolic diseases requires more clinical evidence support.
1. Introduction
Thyroid hormones, as crucial hormones regulating mammalian growth, development, and energy metabolism, not only modulate basal metabolic rate but also finely regulate gene expression in multiple organs through binding to nuclear receptors, thereby exerting key effects on the liver, skeleton, muscle, heart, and brain [1]. In recent years, with the deepening of molecular biology and systems biology research, the complex mechanisms of thyroid hormones in maintaining homeostasis and regulating various metabolic processes have been gradually revealed. Additionally, in the context of the high prevalence of metabolic diseases, exercise intervention, characterized by being non-pharmacological, low-cost, and easy to promote, has become an important strategy for regulating metabolic balance [2-3]. However, the regulatory effects of exercise on multiple organs via thyroid hormones have not yet been fully elucidated.
Therefore, this review summarizes the synthesis, metabolism, and exercise regulation of thyroid hormones, as well as the effects of exercise intervention on the liver, skeleton, muscle, heart, and brain through thyroid hormone regulation, aiming to provide new perspectives and targets for improving pathological phenotypes related to thyroid dysfunction through exercise intervention.
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CHENG Yang, HUANG Qingqiang, BU Shumin, YI Yue (2026). Exercise interventions regulate thyroid hormones: effects on the liver, skeleton, muscle, heart, and brain. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research. https://doi.org/10.12307/2026.21259
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Frequently Asked Questions
How does exercise affect thyroid hormone levels?
Exercise can modulate thyroid hormone levels through various mechanisms, including altering the secretion of thyroid hormones, reshaping tissue-specific expression of deiodinases, and changing the sensitivity of thyroid hormone receptors in target organs.
What are the effects of exercise on liver health via thyroid hormones?
Exercise can regulate thyroid hormones to improve lipid metabolism in the liver, reducing the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and potentially reversing metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease.
Can exercise improve bone health through thyroid hormone regulation?
Yes, exercise can influence bone homeostasis by modulating thyroid hormones, which may help in maintaining bone density and reducing fracture risk, especially in conditions of thyroid dysfunction.
What is the impact of exercise on muscle function via thyroid hormones?
Exercise can enhance muscle function by regulating thyroid hormones, which promote protein synthesis and beta-oxidation, thereby improving muscle mass and performance.
How does exercise influence cognitive function through thyroid hormones?
Exercise can improve cognitive function, including memory and spatial learning, by modulating thyroid hormones that affect brain health and neuroplasticity.
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