DMOG pretreatment restores osteogenic–adipogenic balance and mitochondrial function in ONFH BMSCs through the HIF-1α/Homer3 pathway

• DMOG pretreatment restores osteogenic–adipogenic balance in ONFH-derived BMSCs by promoting osteogenesis and suppressing adipogenesis. • DMOG improves mitochondrial function, reduces oxidative stress, and enhances bioenergetic metabolism in a HIF-1α-dependent manner. • Homer3 is identified as a downstream negative regulator of HIF-1α, aberrantly upregulated in fhBMSCs but suppressed by DMOG. • Knockdown of Homer3 mimics DMOG effects, suggesting a potential therapeutic target for ONFH.