Key Takeaways & Executive Findings
- •• Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) from periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT) exhibit typical mesenchymal stem cell characteristics, including high expression of CD44, CD90, and CD105, and low expression of CD34 and CD45. • PPAT-derived ADSCs demonstrate strong proliferation capacity and can be passaged up to 15 times without significant senescence. • PPAT-derived ADSCs possess multilineage differentiation potential, capable of differentiating into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes under appropriate induction conditions. • Continuous culture with vitamin C for 3 weeks successfully induced PPAT-derived ADSCs to form a three-dimensional cell sheet with abundant extracellular matrix, providing a promising tool for prostate cancer research.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Periprostatic adipose tissue is the white visceral adipose tissue that is closest to the prostate, which is part of the prostate cancer tumor microenvironment and plays a key role in the occurrence and progression of prostate cancer. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the ability of adipose-derived stem cells derived from periprostatic adipose tissue to form three-dimensional cell sheets. METHODS: Periprostatic adipose tissue was harvested from patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Adipose-derived stem cell suspensions were prepared using a combination of enzymatic digestion and mechanical dissection. Adipose-derived stem cell proliferation was assessed using a CCK-8 assay. Expression of stem cell-associated antigens CD34/CD44/CD45/CD90/CD105 was determined by flow cytometry. Multidirectional differentiation potential of the stem cells was assessed using osteogenic/adipogenic/chondrogenic differentiation assays. Adipose-derived stem cells were cultured for three weeks in low-glucose DMEM containing 100 μg/mL vitamin C and 10% fetal bovine serum to construct cell sheets, followed by histological analysis and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Adipose-derived stem cells from periprostatic adipose tissue exhibited a long spindle or fusiform shape, aligned growth, and consistent morphology. Primary culture reached 95% confluence at 9-10 days with good cell viability, and no obvious senescence was observed up to passage 15. Flow cytometry showed expression rates of CD44, CD90, and CD105 at 98.24%, 84.99%, and 89.14%, respectively, while CD34 and CD45 were expressed at 0.64% and 1.02%. After 3 weeks of osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic induction, the cells could differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. After continuous culture for 3 weeks, the cells formed a three-dimensional cell sheet with a smooth surface and uniform texture, rich in extracellular matrix components such as fibronectin and type I collagen. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a flat surface with aligned long spindle-shaped cells and abundant extracellular matrix deposition between cells. This study successfully isolated adipose-derived stem cells from periprostatic adipose tissue of prostate cancer patients and constructed a three-dimensional cell sheet by stimulating extracellular matrix secretion with vitamin C over 3 weeks of continuous culture.
1. Introduction
Prostate cancer is the most common male genitourinary tumor [1-2] and the second leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide, after lung cancer. Obesity plays an important role in driving the aggressiveness and increased mortality of prostate cancer. The World Cancer Research Fund has listed the link between obesity and advanced prostate cancer risk as 'strong evidence' [3]. Periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT) is the fat layer surrounding the prostate surface, mainly composed of white adipocytes, belonging to visceral fat, forming the microenvironment for prostate tissue growth. Increased periprostatic adipose tissue is a feature of advanced prostate cancer and is involved in the pathogenesis and metastasis of prostate cancer [4]. As an active endocrine organ, PPAT can produce hormones and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and adiponectin, which play a role in the growth and metastasis of prostate cancer and can affect the lipid microenvironment and inflammatory state of prostate cancer [5]. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that high volume of periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT/prostate volume ratio > 73%) is an independent risk factor for biochemical recurrence after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, and patients with high volume PPAT have higher Gleason scores and pathological T stages [6].
Mesenchymal stem cells are a class of multipotent, differentiable stromal cells with therapeutic effects including proliferation, differentiation, multipotency, homing/migration, nutrition, and immunomodulation. Among them, the most clinically used mesenchymal stem cells are derived from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, and adipose tissue [7]. Adipose progenitor cells with stem cell-like properties are called adipose stromal cells, i.e., adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), which can continuously differentiate into various cell components in fat and maintain the turnover of adipose tissue cells. ADSCs promote tumor growth by remodeling the extracellular matrix and supporting new blood vessel formation, promoting the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells, and inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition through paracrine signaling [5]. Since epithelial-mesenchymal transition is associated with chemotherapy resistance and metastasis, ADSCs are considered potential therapeutic targets for prostate cancer.
This study conducted primary culture and identification of adipose-derived stem cells from periprostatic adipose tissue of prostate cancer patients, and observed the ability of these ADSCs to form cell sheets, laying a good foundation for subsequent research.
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Zhou Shukui, Liu Jinpeng, Gao Wenlong, Yang Shengke, Liao Hong, Wu Yi, Li Zeng (2026). Culture and identification of adipose-derived stem cells from periprostatic adipose tissue. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research. https://doi.org/10.12307/2026.21333
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Frequently Asked Questions
What are periprostatic adipose tissue-derived stem cells?
Periprostatic adipose tissue-derived stem cells (PPAT-ADSCs) are mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the adipose tissue surrounding the prostate. They exhibit characteristics such as adherence to plastic, expression of CD44, CD90, and CD105, and the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes.
How were the adipose-derived stem cells cultured and identified in this study?
PPAT-ADSCs were isolated using enzymatic digestion and mechanical dissection. They were characterized by flow cytometry for surface markers (CD34, CD44, CD45, CD90, CD105) and differentiation assays. Cell proliferation was assessed using CCK-8. For cell sheet formation, cells were cultured with vitamin C for three weeks.
What is the significance of forming a cell sheet from PPAT-ADSCs?
The cell sheet technology preserves extracellular matrix and cell-cell junctions, providing a three-dimensional structure that closely mimics natural tissue. This is valuable for constructing in vitro models of prostate cancer and for potential tissue engineering applications.
What are the key findings of this study?
The study successfully isolated and characterized PPAT-ADSCs, demonstrating their proliferation, multipotency, and ability to form a three-dimensional cell sheet with abundant extracellular matrix. This provides a foundation for future research on prostate cancer microenvironment and potential therapeutic applications.
Why is periprostatic adipose tissue important in prostate cancer?
Periprostatic adipose tissue is part of the prostate cancer microenvironment and has been shown to influence cancer progression and metastasis through paracrine signaling and cell-cell interactions. High volume of PPAT is associated with worse prognosis in prostate cancer patients.
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