Construction and validation of a temperature prediction model for cortical bone during orthopedic surgery

• Approximately 11.7% of total heat generated during cortical bone drilling enters the bone tissue, as determined by inverse heat transfer analysis. • The developed temperature prediction model accurately captures peak temperature, onset of temperature rise, and temperature-time curve morphology, validated against fresh porcine bone experiments. • Spatial temperature distribution shows that regions closer to the hole wall experience earlier and higher temperature peaks, with heat propagation from the surface to deeper layers. • Increasing rotational speed from 800 to 1,000 r/min enlarges the heat-affected zone from 0.71 mm to 0.86 mm, indicating higher thermal risk at higher speeds.