Annexins: central regulators of plant growth and stress signaling

• Plant annexins are multifunctional proteins that bind calcium and phospholipids, playing central roles in growth and stress signaling. • They exhibit both calcium-dependent and calcium-independent membrane binding, and can function as peroxidases, cation channels, and ATP/GTP hydrolases. • Annexin gene families have been identified in nearly 30 plant species, with precise regulation of expression and localization by developmental and environmental cues. • This review highlights the core roles of plant annexins in growth and adaptation, providing a foundation for future research and potential agricultural applications.