• MSCs and their derivatives reduce hepatocyte death, including apoptosis, necrosis, and ferroptosis, thereby preserving liver function.
• MSCs can differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells, contributing to liver regeneration and replacement of damaged hepatocytes.
• MSCs exert immunomodulatory effects by regulating macrophage polarization and T cell responses, shifting the liver microenvironment from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory.
• MSCs and their secretome inhibit hepatic stellate cell activation, reducing extracellular matrix deposition and thus halting fibrosis progression.