• AKBA suppresses LPS-induced FLS activation, reducing migration, invasion, inflammatory mediators, MMPs, and ROS production in vitro.
• The therapeutic effects of AKBA are mediated through activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, as confirmed by Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 reversal.
• In a rat OA model (ACLT+DMM), AKBA alleviates synovial inflammation and fibrosis, highlighting its in vivo efficacy.
• AKBA emerges as a promising therapeutic candidate for OA by targeting oxidative stress and synovitis via Nrf2/HO-1 axis.
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