• Acanthopanax exosome-like nanovesicles (AELNs) dose-dependently promote osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs).
• AELNs activate the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway, upregulating osteogenic gene expression.
• In an ovariectomized rat model, AELNs significantly improve bone microarchitecture and increase bone density.
• AELNs show no obvious toxicity in major organs, suggesting a favorable safety profile.