Targeting skin barrier repair: mechanisms of action, therapeutic evidence, and clinical translation challenges of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes
Authors: Yujin Li, Jian Huang, Zhibing Fu, Lihua Gao, Xiaoliang Tong, Lu Zhou, Jinrong Zeng, Lina Tan
Dysfunction of the skin barrier is a central pathological feature in dermatology, driving the need for innovative repair strategies. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-exos) represent a promising cell-free therapeutic paradigm, leveraging their innate cargo to modulate regeneration and immune responses. This review systematically examines the multifaceted role of MSC-exos in restoring skin barrier integrity. We delineate their molecular mechanisms in repairing physical, immunological, and microbial barrier components, supported by evidence from preclinical disease models. The influence of MSC source and preconditioning on exosome efficacy is analyzed, alongside emerging bioengineering approaches. Crucially, we identify and discuss the key translational challenges—including standardization, scalable manufacturing, and regulatory pathways—that must be addressed to advance these nanotherapeutics toward clinical application. This synthesis provides a critical framework for future research aimed at harnessing MSC-exos for targeted barrier repair.
