• The field of physical activity and neural plasticity is rapidly expanding, with increasing research depth and significant future potential.
• Five main evolution directions were identified: physical activity, adult rats, stem cells, individual differences, and randomized controlled trials, comprising 15 sub-evolution paths.
• Emerging research hotspots include older adults, animal models, and disease-related topics, indicating future research priorities.
• Future studies should employ randomized controlled trials and optimized animal models to explore long-term effects and mechanisms, and validate multimodal interventions in special populations.