Traditional Chinese sports in the treatment of osteoporosis: potential biological mechanisms and clinical application progress

• Traditional Chinese exercises (Tai Chi, Baduanjin, Wuqinxi, Yijinjing) significantly improve bone mineral density and mitigate bone loss through multiple mechanisms. • Mechanisms include mechanical loading, gut microbiota-bone axis modulation, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and endocrine regulation. • Tai Chi is particularly effective for postmenopausal women, improving lumbar spine and femoral neck bone density; Baduanjin combined with drugs regulates glucose metabolism and bone turnover. • Wuqinxi reduces fracture risk by improving joint function, while Yijinjing shows benefits in gender-related bone density maintenance.