Systematic review of the effect of 3D-printed exoskeleton on hand function rehabilitation in stroke patients

• 3D-printed exoskeletons improve hand function, activity, and participation in stroke patients, with effects varying by Brunnstrom stage. • Four types of exoskeletons (assistive, corrective, training-oriented, compensatory) are matched to specific Brunnstrom stages for optimal rehabilitation. • Interventions ranged from 15-90 minutes per session, 3-7 times per week, over 5-8 weeks, delivered in institution, home, or combined settings. • 3D printing technology enables personalized adaptation, improving wearability, comfort, usability, and suitability for home-based rehabilitation.