Stem cell-driven biomedical technologies for tooth regeneration: engineering scaffolds, organoid models, and molecular targeted strategies

• Integrates three key domains: scaffold-guided stem cell strategies, tooth organoids, and molecular targeted therapies for tooth regeneration. • Highlights the use of dental stem cells (DPSCs, SCAPs, PDLSCs, SHED) and iPSC-derived lineages with bioactive scaffolds to promote odontogenic differentiation and periodontal attachment. • Emphasizes the role of tooth organoids in recapitulating epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and modeling human odontogenesis. • Discusses molecular pathways (Wnt, BMP, FGF, TGF-β, USAG-1) as therapeutic targets for endogenous regeneration, while acknowledging challenges in neurovascular integration and long-term stability.