Stem cell-driven biomedical technologies for tooth regeneration: engineering scaffolds, organoid models, and molecular targeted strategies

• Stem cell-based scaffold-guided strategies combine dental stem cells with bioactive materials to promote odontogenic differentiation and periodontal regeneration. • Tooth organoids and bioengineered tooth germs recapitulate epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, providing platforms for modeling human odontogenesis. • Molecular targeted therapies, including anti-USAG-1 antibodies, modulate key signaling pathways (Wnt, BMP, FGF, TGF-β) to stimulate endogenous tooth regeneration. • Future directions include smart biomaterials, gene/protein-based targeting, organoid-guided regeneration, and iPSC-enabled personalized therapies for clinical translation.