• Standardized data models are crucial for enabling interoperability and secondary use of clinical data, but adoption in China faces significant barriers.
• Key challenges include data heterogeneity, privacy concerns, and the lack of standardized vocabularies across institutions.
• Emerging technologies such as FHIR and artificial intelligence offer promising solutions to facilitate data standardization and integration.
• A collaborative ecosystem involving researchers, healthcare providers, and policymakers is essential to overcome these challenges and unlock the full potential of clinical data.