Selenium effect on human bone health and its application in bone materials

• Selenium exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and osteogenic properties, effectively improving the bone immune microenvironment. • Incorporating selenium into bone materials via mesoporous particles, nanoparticles, hydrogen bonds, or diselenide bonds reduces its toxicity and enhances bioavailability. • Selenium-modified bone materials promote bone regeneration by modulating immune responses and osteogenic gene expression, showing promise for bone defect repair. • Selenium shows therapeutic potential for Kashin-Beck disease and osteoarthritis through anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and chondroprotective mechanisms.