Role of non-coding RNAs in Alzheimer’s disease and treatment with traditional Chinese medicine

• Non-coding RNAs (miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, tRNAs) are critically involved in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis by regulating amyloid-β deposition, tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and synaptic damage. • Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) monomers, compound formulas, and acupuncture can modulate specific non-coding RNAs to exert neuroprotective effects and intervene in multiple pathological pathways of Alzheimer’s disease. • Non-coding RNAs in blood and cerebrospinal fluid show high stability and tissue specificity, offering promising biomarkers for early non-invasive diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. • TCM demonstrates multi-target and holistic regulatory advantages over single-target drugs by synergistically influencing non-coding RNA networks, providing a novel avenue for Alzheimer’s disease therapy.