Quantitative Analysis of the Effects of Dietary and Pharmacological Interventions on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

• Dietary interventions (e.g., Mediterranean, DASH) significantly reduce systolic blood pressure by ~5 mmHg and LDL cholesterol by ~0.45 mmol/L. • Pharmacological therapy (statins, antihypertensives) yields larger reductions: BP by ~8 mmHg and LDL by ~1.2 mmol/L. • Both interventions improve glycemic control, with HbA1c reductions of 0.3% (diet) and 0.5% (pharmacology). • Combined dietary and pharmacological approaches may provide additive benefits, especially in high-risk populations.