• Urolithin A, a gut-derived postbiotic from dietary polyphenols, improves muscle aging by activating mitophagy via the PINK1/Parkin pathway, enhancing mitochondrial function.
• It exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB and AKT/MAPK signaling, upregulating anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β1) and downregulating pro-inflammatory ones (IL-1β, TNF-α).
• Urolithin A alleviates oxidative stress by boosting antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GPx) and reducing reactive oxygen species, protecting muscle cells from damage.
• It promotes muscle stem cell proliferation and differentiation, activates anabolic pathways to enhance protein synthesis, and improves both muscle strength and endurance, offering a promising strategy for healthy aging.