• DILI pathogenesis involves oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and immune-mediated pathways, offering multiple targets for pharmacological intervention.
• Emerging therapies, including antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, show promise in mitigating liver injury and improving clinical outcomes.
• Accurate prediction and diagnosis of DILI remain challenging, highlighting the need for reliable biomarkers and advanced in vitro models.
• A multidisciplinary approach integrating clinical, pharmacological, and toxicological expertise is essential for effective management of DILI.