• Oligodendrocytes are central to myelin repair, but their differentiation is often impaired in demyelinating diseases, posing a major therapeutic barrier.
• Interactions between oligodendrocytes and other glial cells (astrocytes, microglia) critically regulate myelin health and regeneration.
• Microglia and astrocytes influence oligodendrocyte survival and metabolic activity through cell-cell communication, affecting disease progression.
• Targeted modulation of glial cell interactions at specific temporal stages may offer novel therapeutic strategies for demyelinating diseases.