• miRNAs precisely regulate chondrocyte differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis by targeting key transcription factors and signaling pathways.
• Abnormal miRNA expression is closely associated with cartilage diseases such as osteoarthritis and chondrodysplasia, highlighting their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
• Advanced technologies including gene editing, single-cell sequencing, and bioinformatics are driving progress in miRNA research in cartilage development.
• Challenges remain in understanding the complex regulatory networks, technical limitations, and lack of standardization in clinical translation of miRNA-based therapies.