Mechanism by which magnesium implant-activated integrin α10β1 promotes osteogenic differentiation of periosteal stem cells

• Magnesium implants significantly enhance cortical bone thickening and osteogenesis compared to titanium implants in a mouse model. • Magnesium activates integrin α10β1, leading to upregulation of FAK/p-FAK and Wnt/β-catenin signaling, while suppressing MAPK signaling. • Integrin α10β1 expression positively correlates with osteogenic marker genes (Runx2, osterix, ALP, BSP), indicating its role in osteogenic differentiation. • Periosteal stem cells are the key cellular population mediating magnesium-induced bone formation, with magnesium promoting their proliferation and differentiation.