• Targeted therapies (EGFR, ALK inhibitors) have revolutionized treatment for oncogene-driven lung cancers, improving progression-free survival.
• Immunotherapy (PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors) offers durable responses in a subset of patients, with biomarkers like PD-L1 expression guiding patient selection.
• Combination strategies (targeted + immunotherapy) show promise but require careful management of overlapping toxicities.
• Resistance mechanisms, including T790M and MET amplification, necessitate next-generation sequencing and adaptive treatment strategies.