• Compound Kidney-Invigorating Granules improve bone microarchitecture in ovariectomized osteoporotic mice, as evidenced by Micro-CT and histology.
• The formula upregulates the expression of TRIB3, β-catenin, alkaline phosphatase, and osteopontin in bone tissue, indicating enhanced osteogenic differentiation.
• The therapeutic effect is likely mediated via the TRIB3/β-catenin axis, a key pathway in osteoblast differentiation.
• The study provides preclinical evidence supporting the use of Compound Kidney-Invigorating Granules as a potential alternative for osteoporosis treatment.