• Stem cell-derived kidney organoids effectively model acute kidney injury induced by nephrotoxic drugs like cisplatin and ischemia-reperfusion.
• Integration of 3D bioprinting and organ-on-a-chip technologies enhances the structural and functional maturity of kidney organoids.
• Gene editing combined with kidney organoids enables targeted manipulation and visualization of specific renal cell types.
• Kidney organoids offer a promising platform for drug screening, toxicity prediction, and regenerative therapy development in acute kidney injury.