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Protected by Google reCAPTCHA v3.•Privacy•Terms Key Findings in This Report
• Grape seed proanthocyanidin oligomers (GSPO) significantly alleviate demyelination in cuprizone-induced multiple sclerosis mouse model.
• GSPO suppresses neuroinflammation by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1α, IL-17) and promoting anti-inflammatory TGF-β.
• GSPO inhibits astrocyte polarization to the neurotoxic A1 phenotype via suppression of JNK phosphorylation.
• GSPO protects oligodendrocytes from apoptosis by modulating Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-3 expression.