• Ginsenoside Rh2 protects osteoblasts from oxidative stress by reducing ROS levels, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, and improving mitochondrial function.
• Rh2 promotes osteoblast differentiation and mineralization through the nuclear translocation and functional interaction of FoxO1 and β-catenin.
• In an LPS-induced bone loss mouse model, Rh2 administration improves trabecular microstructure and increases osteoblast numbers, confirming its therapeutic potential.
• The study highlights the FoxO1/β-catenin pathway as a key mediator of Rh2's protective effects, offering a promising strategy for osteoporosis treatment.