Evaluation of the Innovation Efficiency of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Enterprises in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region

• The overall innovation efficiency of pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is not effective, with significant regional differences. • The establishment period, market competitiveness, and financial constraints significantly impact innovation efficiency, while government subsidies show no significant positive effect. • The three-stage DEA model effectively separates environmental factors and random errors, providing a more accurate efficiency evaluation. • Policy recommendations include establishing an innovative drug risk warning mechanism and innovation incentive and risk-sharing mechanisms to enhance innovation efficiency.