• E-cigarette aerosols contain harmful substances, including nicotine, heavy metals, and volatile organic compounds, posing health risks.
• Evidence suggests e-cigarettes may aid smoking cessation, but their effectiveness is inconsistent and long-term safety remains uncertain.
• Youth e-cigarette use has risen sharply, leading to concerns about nicotine addiction and subsequent transition to traditional smoking.
• Regulatory frameworks must balance harm reduction for adult smokers with protection of youth and non-smokers.