Effects of high-intensity interval training combined with estrogen on satellite cells, myonuclear domain and ribosome function in ovariectomized rats

• Estrogen deficiency reduces muscle mass and strength in ovariectomized rats, associated with decreased satellite cell activation, myonuclear domain, and ribosome function. • High-intensity interval training (HIIT) alone partially restores muscle mass and function, increasing satellite cell number, myonuclear domain, and ribosomal RNA expression. • Combined HIIT and estrogen therapy produces superior effects on muscle hypertrophy compared to either intervention alone, enhancing satellite cell activation, myonuclear domain, and ribosome biogenesis. • The synergistic effect of HIIT and estrogen on muscle hypertrophy is mediated through improved ribosome function and increased protein synthesis capacity.