Effect of blood flow restriction training on the magnitude and temporal characteristics of post-activation performance enhancement: a systematic review and meta-analysis

• Preconditioning combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) significantly enhances post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) compared to preconditioning alone, with optimal effects at 50% arterial occlusion pressure and 4-12 min recovery. • Preconditioning + BFR does not significantly outperform sitting, but using 140 mmHg BFR shows a significant advantage over preconditioning alone. • Low-intensity preconditioning + BFR produces similar PAPE to high-intensity preconditioning, offering a practical alternative. • Sitting + BFR may provide a slight, non-significant benefit over sitting, but the effect diminishes with longer recovery times.