Drug Safety and Efficacy in the Context of Drug Abuse and Dependence: A Comprehensive Review

• Integrated approaches combining pharmacological and psychosocial interventions are most effective for drug abuse treatment. • Regulatory frameworks in the US, EU, and Japan vary significantly, impacting drug safety and efficacy outcomes. • There is a critical need for standardized outcome measures in drug abuse research to facilitate cross-study comparisons. • Future research should focus on personalized medicine approaches to optimize drug safety and efficacy in diverse populations.