• Early angiogenesis and bone regeneration are more pronounced with autologous bone powder alone compared to a 1:1 mixture with artificial bone powder.
• By 12 weeks postoperatively, the osteogenic and angiogenic outcomes of the mixed graft are comparable to those of autologous bone alone.
• The autologous bone group showed a more significant increase in vascular cross-sections during the early phase (2-7 days).
• Bone volume fraction was significantly higher in the autologous bone group at 8 weeks, but the difference disappeared by 12 weeks.