Deficiency of extracellular vesicles miR-32 from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells alleviates vascular calcification in type 2 diabetes by inhibiting endothelial ferroptosis

• BMSC-EVs attenuate vascular calcification in type 2 diabetes by inhibiting endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and ferroptosis. • miR-32 deficiency in BMSC-EVs enhances their protective effect against vascular calcification. • The protective mechanism involves regulation of the MAPK/FoxO signaling pathway. • BMSC-EVs represent a promising cell-free therapeutic strategy for diabetic vascular calcification.