Construction of liver organoid models by hepatobiliary differentiation from human induced pluripotent stem cells: state of the art, challenges and improving strategies

• iPSC-derived liver organoids hold promise but face incomplete maturation and lack of non-parenchymal cells. • Cellular origin of iPSCs influences hepatic differentiation via retained epigenetic signatures. • Multidimensional regulation of hepatobiliary development and microenvironment reconstruction are critical. • Future directions include small-molecule protocols, transplantation validation, and AI integration.