• MSCs exhibit regenerative and immunomodulatory properties that can rejuvenate aged immune cells and restore immune homeostasis, offering a promising strategy to counteract immunosenescence.
• The review systematically summarizes recent discoveries on MSC-based interventions, highlighting their ability to mitigate excessive inflammation and foster tissue repair in the context of aging.
• Key challenges include variations in MSC sources, donor variability, and lack of standardized protocols, which must be addressed to enhance therapeutic precision.
• Critical unresolved issues such as long-term safety, efficacy, and context-specific mechanisms need further investigation to translate MSC therapies into clinical practice for aging-related immune decline.