• Circadian rhythms modulate immune cell behavior and cytokine production, influencing the tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy efficacy.
• Chrono-immunology reveals that timing of adoptive cellular therapy and immune checkpoint blockade can improve treatment outcomes.
• Disruption of circadian rhythms promotes tumor progression by dysregulating metabolism, DNA repair, and immune function.
• Integrating circadian rhythm concepts into clinical protocols may optimize cancer immunotherapy and cellular therapy responses.