• Bushen Tongshi Pills dose-dependently alleviates femoral head bone loss and pathological changes in a rat model of alcoholic femoral head necrosis.
• The therapeutic effect is associated with inhibition of the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pyroptosis pathway, reducing serum IL-1β and IL-18 levels.
• Bushen Tongshi Pills upregulates osteogenic markers (Runx2, osteocalcin, type I collagen) at both protein and mRNA levels.
• The high dose (4.2 g/kg) of Bushen Tongshi Pills exhibits the most pronounced protective effects on osteogenic differentiation.