Bushen Jianpi Huoxue Formula inhibits bone loss and improves trabecular biomechanical parameters in ovariectomized rats

• Bushen Jianpi Huoxue Formula significantly increased lumbar spine bone mineral density in ovariectomized rats compared to the ovariectomized control group. • Micro-CT analysis revealed that the formula improved trabecular microarchitecture by increasing bone volume fraction, bone surface density, and trabecular number, while reducing trabecular separation and structure model index. • Finite element analysis demonstrated that the formula reduced trabecular stress and strain under load, indicating improved biomechanical properties. • Histological examination showed that the formula ameliorated bone marrow fat infiltration, suggesting a protective effect on bone marrow microenvironment.