Blood cells and the occurrence and progression of osteoporosis: biomarkers and emerging therapeutic strategies

• Blood cells, including leukocyte subsets, erythrocytes, and platelets, regulate bone metabolism through cytokine secretion, inflammatory modulation, and growth factor release, impacting osteoporosis pathogenesis. • Blood cell-derived biomarkers offer promising tools for early osteoporosis screening and diagnosis, with gene regulation and proteomics enhancing their potential. • Emerging therapeutic strategies targeting blood cells, such as immune intervention and stem cell-based approaches, provide novel avenues for osteoporosis treatment. • Technological advances like CRISPR-Cas9 and single-cell analysis are expected to overcome current limitations and enable precise blood cell-based therapies for osteoporosis.