Association between environmental exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and the risk of type 1 diabetes

• Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is increasingly recognized as a potential risk factor for type 1 diabetes (T1DM), with mechanisms involving immune dysregulation, oxidative stress, and epigenetic changes. • Bisphenol A, pesticides, and heavy metals are among the most studied EDCs, with epidemiological and animal evidence supporting their role in T1DM pathogenesis. • Current research faces challenges including inconsistent exposure assessment methods, unclear dose-response relationships, and population heterogeneity, necessitating standardized approaches. • Future studies should focus on identifying critical exposure windows and employing multi-omics integration to develop preventive strategies for T1DM.